Guadeloupe is a territory heavily influenced by natural aerosols, including aerosols of volcanic and Saharan origin that can have a significant environmental and health impact on the territory and its inhabitants. This applies by the presence of the Soufrière. The major source of these dusts is the Sahara desert, which produces up to one cubic km of dust per year. The environmental and health impact of these various aerosols has been studied so far in Guadeloupe, while the challenges identified are multiple and concern public health (degradation of air quality leading to problems of irritation of the eyes and respiratory tracts, transport of pathogens by Saharan dust). Studies are not sufficient, if not non-existent, to assess precisely this issue affecting health, the environment and ecology in Guadeloupe. This lack of knowledge is a critical barrier that needs to be overcome if we want to raise awareness among communities, institutions and citizens about this issue of “natural aerosols”, and provide new knowledge tools that will better address these issues and thus better meet the needs of the territory. Environmental and societal issues are important, and impact assessments need to be carried out on a territory-wide basis.